Faculty of Arts

Cognitive Skills, Creative Thinking, and Emotional Intelligence Among basic education students, a comparative study between schools accredited and not accredited by the National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education A Thesis Submitted by the Researcher

Cognitive Skills, Creative Thinking, and Emotional Intelligence Among basic education students, a comparative study between schools accredited and not accredited by the National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education

A Thesis Submitted by the Researcher

Heba Zakaria Mahmoud Ibrahiem

Faculty of Arts

To Obtain The Ph. D. Degree In psychology

Supervised By

Professor Dr.

Emad Muhammad Ahmed Ibrahim Mukhaimer

Professor of Psychology and Dean of the Faculty of Arts

Zagazig University

  2024

Introduction                                      

Governments seek permanent and continuous renewal of their educational systems and work to develop them. So that successive generations can face the challenges of the future imposed on them by scientific and technological developments and global changes at all levels: regional, national, and international.

Educational quality is one of the most important means of improving the quality of education and raising its level of performance towards positivity and efficiency in the present era, which some thinkers call the “age of quality.” Educational quality is not an alternative that educational institutions implement, but rather it has become an urgent necessity in line with the movement of contemporary life, the explosion of knowledge, communication technology, and global changes.

Accreditation in pre-university education institutions has become one of the most important basic components of the success of these institutions in fulfilling their mission and achieving their goals, and ensuring the extent of goals to which educational outcomes conform and standards set for it.

Study Aims

The objectives of the current study are determined as follows:

• Knowing students level in (creative thinking - emotional intelligence - cognitive skills) that result from accredited educational institutions by comparing accredited schools students outcomes by those of non-accredited schools students.
• Explaining students' decline or superiority in either type of accredited or non-accredited schools.
• Highlighting the importance of educational outcomes, as they are the most important goal of the educational process.
• Directing attention to the importance of (creative thinking) and (emotional intelligence) for the learner, and paying attention to evaluating them as cognitive learning outcomes.
• Revealing the nature of the relationship between the study variables (creative thinking - emotional intelligence - cognitive skills)
• To reveal whether there are differences between the sexes in (creative thinking abilities - emotional intelligence - Cognitive skills).

Study Hypothesis:

• There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools in cognitive skills (perception - attention - concentration - remembering - problem solving) in favor of accredited schools.
• There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools concerning emotional intelligence in favor of accredited schools.
• There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools concerning creative thinking abilities (originality - fluency - flexibility - details) in favor of accredited schools.
• There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and creative thinking among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.”
• There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and cognitive skills among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.
• There is a relationship between cognitive skills and creative thinking among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.
• Some dimensions of emotional intelligence predict creativity but not others.
• Some dimensions of cognitive skills predict creativity but not others.

Study sample:

The researcher selected the study sample from children (males and females) in the age group of (11-12) years, amounting to 380 boys and girls (190) from accredited schools and (180) non-accredited schools in the 10th of Ramadan schools in Sharkia Governorate.

Study Tools:

• Torrance Test for Creative Thinking, Figures (B), prepared by Torrance 1977 and translated into Arabic by Abdullah Suleiman and Fouad Abu Hatab (1988).
• Cognitive skills scale (prepared by Dr. Emad Mukhaimer &the researcher)
• Emotional intelligence scale prepared by Schutte & Malouff (1998) and translated by the researcher

Statistical Analysis:

• Arithmetic average.
• Standard deviations.
• Pearson's simple correlation coefficient.
• T-test for significance of differences.
• Multi-step regression analysis

Study Results

• There are differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools concerning the dimensions of cognitive skills and their overall score attributed to the accredited schools.
• There are differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools concerning the dimensions of emotional intelligence and its total score attributed to the accredited schools.
• There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools concerning creative thinking abilities (originality - fluency - flexibility - details) in favor of accredited schools.
• There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and creative thinking among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.
• There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and cognitive skills among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.
• There is no a relationship between cognitive skills and creative thinking among basic education students in accredited and non-accredited schools.
• Some dimensions of emotional intelligence predict creativity but not others
• Some cognitive skills predict creativity but not others.

A doctoral study entitled “The news role of the official spokesman’s pages in covering presidential events, an applied comparative study between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United States of America”

The Relationship between Characterization and Language: A Pragmatic Study of the discourse of Estella and Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations

Abstract

Master Thesis

رسالة ماجستير مقدمة من الباحثة ( مي محروس  محمد إبراهيم سمك) الى قسم اللغة الانجليزية بعنوان 

 ( The Relationship  between  Characterization and Language: A Pragmatic Study of  the discourse of Estella and Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations ).

العلاقة بين الشخصية واللغة: دراسة برجماتية لخطاب شخصيتي " استيلا" و "ميس هافيشام" في رواية آمال عظيمة لتشارلز ديكنز) بإشراف

ا.د/ أحمد صلاح الدين... أستاذ اللغويات - قسم اللغة الأنجليزية  - كلية الآداب جامعة الزقازيق.

The current study examines the relationship between Language and characterization and whether the linguistic choices differ with the change in personality. The present study traces the dynamic nature of two characters from Charles Dickens’ “Great Expectations” by conducting a pragmatic analysis of selected speech uttered by both characters throughout the novel. The two characters are Estella and Miss Havisham, who go through dramatic changes marked by a course of sudden and unfortunate events in the storyline. Such events marked the differences between two phases in the characters’ development, which the study refers to as: pre-change and post-change phases. This study aims at investigating whether the two characters have different linguistic choices between the pre-change phases and the post-change phases following a descriptive qualitative analytical and comparative approach. To achieve this aim, the analysis adopts two pragmatic approaches; one focuses on the speech acts theory, which investigates Miss Havisham’s speech, and the other focuses on the politeness theory, which investigates Estella’s speech. Results of the analysis show that, after comparing the analysis of the pre-change phases and post-change phases of both characters, there are significant changes in the linguistic choices of both characters, according to each theory.

Keywords: pragmatics, Charles Dickens, speech acts theory, politeness theory, Great Expectations

Effectiveness of digital marketing methods used in electronic stores on purchasing behavior "Applied Study"

Effectiveness of digital marketing methods used in electronic stores on purchasing behavior

"Applied Study"

A dissertation submitted for the degree of Ph.D of Arts, Mass Communication Department, Division Of Public Relations And Advertising

By/

Hany Ibrahim Albembawy

Advisor/

introduction:

Trade through electronic stores is considered an excellent way to reach all the markets of the world, at the same time and with the lowest expenses, as it helps sellers to overcome the barriers of distance and reach diverse distant markets with multiple characteristics. It also helps to overcome the barriers of time and deal with customers around the clock. .

In the pages of this study: The importance of digital marketing methods used in online stores was discussed, and their effectiveness on individuals’ purchasing behavior was explained.

The study problem:

The main problem of the study crystallizes in: What is the effectiveness of digital marketing methods, used in electronic stores, on purchasing behavior? It is an applied study on a sample of electronic stores (Amazon, Shopify), and the clarity of their effectiveness for the public to make the purchasing decision. This study was concerned with describing, analyzing and interpreting the uses of marketing methods, the mechanism by which they work, and the extent of their effectiveness on purchasing behavior.

The study resulted in several results, the most important of which are:

First: The most important results of the analytical study:

1. The online stores on the Amazon platform were more interested in marketing methods than the online stores on the Shopify platform, as Amazon stores used all (20) marketing methods, which were mentioned in the methodological aspect of this study. While Shopify stores did not use the study sample, only (12) marketing methods. This indicates that the Shopify platform is not being optimally exploited in building online stores in Egypt, even though it is achieving very large gains in Western countries.

The study sample stores on the Amazon platform exploited most of the marketing methods very well, and were unique in using marketing methods that the study sample stores on the Shopify platform did not work on, such as the method (loyalty program points packages), which appeared to visitors during the study period, (1,702,608 ) appearance, and also the method (reward packages for existing customers to bring a new customer), which appeared to visitors, (1,592,593) impressions.

3. Smart tools helped the managers of each of the e-stores in the study sample to use marketing methods based on studying the behavior of the audience of this particular store, and thus create promotional offers that are compatible with their desires and largely meet their needs. The power of these tools lies in; In that it studies the behavior of the store’s audience specifically, and not by relying on studying the behavior of the audience in general, through the results of studies and research, as these results may not be compatible with the behavior of one store’s audience and another, due to the diversity of store brands, the diversity of products, and thus the diversity of audience categories. .

4. The (image with text) category had the largest percentage of advertising types used in all the e-stores in the study sample, which came in at a percentage of (52.7%). This result is logical, because this advertisement is very effective in conveying information visually, and at low costs in the process of producing and designing the advertisement, compared to video advertising, despite the great importance of video advertising as well.

Second: The most important results of the field study:

1. The results demonstrated that there is no significant difference between males and females in using e-stores to conduct online shopping, and that e-stores are interested in targeting both males and females in their marketing campaigns, depending on the type of products they sell.

2. As for the age group of the audience, the age group (26-40 years) came in first place, with a percentage of (57.5%). It is clear from this result that electronic stores are targeting in their marketing campaigns; This group is significantly greater, compared to other age groups, due to their extensive use of technology and the Internet.

3. One of the most important reasons for the public’s interest, which was 87.5% of the study sample, in purchasing from electronic stores is that the store is open all days of the week without holidays, and purchases can be made at any time, and that the online store provides comparison between similar products.

4. The justifications of a percentage of the public, which amounted to (12.5%), were for not purchasing from electronic stores; It is that they do not trust the information of electronic stores, and the price and promotions were not encouraging to purchase, and were not compatible with their desires.

Recommendations and suggestions:

1. All electronic stores must use smart tools in their marketing methods to study the behavior of their audience, as they are very important tools for analyzing and monitoring the behavior of the audience of this particular store, given the differences in the audiences of electronic stores, according to the nature of each store and its products.

2. Conduct more research and studies, by marketers and researchers, on the best smart digital marketing methods, at frequent intervals, as digital marketing methods are now constantly changing.

3. Interest from online stores in building their store on a reliable e-commerce platform, such as Amazon or Shopify, as these platforms provide ways to protect the online store from hacks and security threats, and thus help the online store build a reliable brand.

4. Every online store that wants to create an entity for its brand independently must create an online store bearing its brand on the Shopify platform, because it gives it the opportunity to appear under its brand name, and thus this store will have fame and reliability.

The study was divided into five chapters:

Chapter one: the methodological framework of the study.

Chapter Two: E-stores and their importance in trade and marketing

The first topic: Online stores

The second topic: Stores (Amazon, Shopify)

Chapter Three: Smart digital marketing methods in online stores

The first topic: Smart digital marketing methods on stores (Amazon, Shopify)

The second topic: Forming electronic purchasing behavior

Chapter Four: Analytical Study

The first topic: methodological procedures for the analytical study

The second topic: Analysis of the communication activities of the electronic store websites, sample of the study

The third topic: Presentation and analysis of the results of the analytical study of marketing methods

Chapter Five: The field study

The first topic: the methodological procedures of the field study

The second topic: Presentation and analysis of the results of the field study

Cultural influences of network drama And its relationship to the value system among Egyptian youth (An applied Study)

Cultural influences of network drama

And its relationship to the value system among Egyptian youth

 (An applied  Study)

Ph Thesis

 By

Ghada Mohamed Ahmed Taha Al-Najjar

Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali Ghareeb

Professor of Radio and Television, former head of the Department of Media, and Vice Dean of the College of Arts

Zagazig University

2024

Abstract

         The great advancement of modern technology together with the emergence of social networking have led to the rise of network drama which has consequently had a great influence on everybody of us, especially young people. Some people consider that the influence of network drama on young people was quite positive believing that it could change them into better beings, changing the way they think and see life. Moreover, it is also believed that young people can learn a lot following network drama such as; learning languages, getting acknowledged with other cultures and other peoples’ customs and traditions. On the other hand, many consider network drama as a horrible time waster. Not only do they believe that network drama wastes much time for young people, but they also advocate the idea that it could have many negative cultural effects on young people’s lives in relation to their value system supporting that point of view that the content internet drama presents is sometimes not monitored, not age appropriate or promoting quite a different set of morals and ethics far from what we have gained. They think that internet drama could be a source of disruption, cause a lot of social problems and even lead to decreased physical activity, sleep problems and fatigue, blood clots, heart problems, poor diet, social isolation, behavioral addiction, and cognitive decline.

          In this study, we are going to put forward an answer for a very important question: “Should network drama be banned, monitored, controlled or allowed unlimited freedom?”

The problem of the study:

The problem of the study could be framed in the concept of identifying the cultural influences of network drama and its relationship to the value system of Egyptian youth. The study relied on the theory of cultural implantation in the theoretical framework. The study also tested ten hypotheses applying the survey method adopting both analytical and field survey methods, where the researcher analyzed the content of a sample of the dramatic works presented on digital platforms such as; (Netflix, Watch, Watchit), consisting of  a number of dramatic works (12 internet drama works), using a content analysis sheet as a tool for collecting data, in addition to surveying a sample of Egyptian youth (males - females) as a study group consisting of (400) intentionally selected and surveyed individuals who watch network dramas, filling in a questionnaire form.

The results of the analytical study indicated that social problems arising from following network drama came at the forefront of the problems addressed in the study sample of network drama, with a percentage of (61.2%), youth came at the forefront of the internet drama users through which values were presented, with a percentage of (55.4%), negative behaviors recorded a percentage of ( 61.2%), while positive values were recorded at a rate of (38.8%) broadcast in the dramatic works of the study sample.

On the one hand, the results of the field study also indicated that the percentage of those who sometimes watch network dramas is (46.0%), those who always do is (28.5%), and those who rarely do is only (25.5%). On the other hand, the percentage of those who watch one dramatic work a day is (60%), the percentage of those who range from one hour to less than 3 hours is (45.5%), yet, mobile phones came first as the most preferred means of watching network dramas with a percentage of (79.5%). Among the most prominent results of the study’s hypotheses regarding the first hypothesis: It was partially accepted that there are statistically significant differences between the demographic characteristics of the study group and the intensity of watching drama on digital platforms. The main hypothesis which indicates that there is a statistically significant correlation between the motivations for watching drama on digital platforms and the intensity of viewing was accepted. Moreover, the main hypothesis which statistics state that there is actually a significant correlation between the intensity of viewing drama on digital platforms and the perception of the realism of its content was also accepted.

The Use of University Youth for Private Egyptian News Pages on Facebook, and its Relationship to Shaping Their Mental Image towards Government Performance"-An Empirical Study

2024

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of the use of university youth for Private Egyptian News Pages on Facebook to shaping their mental image towards government performance.

The current study is crucial for several considerations, including: its contribution to discovering the role played by private Egyptian news pages on "Facebook" in reality, and their impact on shaping the mental image of university youth towards government performance. Additionally, it deals with government performance, which is one of the basic pillars of trust and political legitimacy that feeds political stability in the society, and hence the compliance of the public with laws and government decisions. The results of this study can be considered an indicator for those managing these pages; as it is concerned with analyzing the pages and evaluating various aspects of the news material presented through them. This reflects on their quality, effectiveness and working on their development in the future.

The Study Method

The current study adopted the descriptive method and used the media survey method.

The Study Population

The study population for the analytical part was represented in the private Egyptian news pages on the social networking site "Facebook", while the field study population was represented in the university youth who follow these private Egyptian news pages on this site.

The Study Sample

The analytical study sample was represented in the private Egyptian news pages on "Facebook", and three pages were chosen: the pages of (Youm 7 - Al-Masry Al-Youm - Al-Watan). The field study sample was a purposive available (non-probabilistic) sample of university youth using "Facebook" and following the news pages on it. Based on the indicators of the pilot study, a sample of Egyptian universities such as (Cairo University - Zagazig University - Beni Suef University) was determined.

Data Collection

The present study used two tools for analysis, as follows:

First: Content Analysis

The current study used the content analysis tool and the researcher ensured that the analysis categories were directly related to the study objectives and provided comprehensive answers to the study questions. Second: Questionnaire

The researcher administered a questionnaire specifically for university youth (study participants) and distributed it to the respondents following the private news pages on the social networking site "Facebook"; to understand the role these pages play in shaping their mental image towards government performance.

Time Frame of the Study:

The time frame for the analytical study of the news pages on "Facebook" was allocated from (January 1 to March 31, 2023), and the field study was implemented to the study participants from (April 20 to May 31, 2023).The researcher distributed the questionnaires directly to the participants.

The study was divided into two sections consisting of six chapters:

First Section: The Theoretical and Methodological Framework of the Study

Chapter One: The Method of the Study

 It included the study problem, its importance, a review of related studies, and the benefits from them. Then the procedural framework of the study was presented including its objectives, type, population and sample, data collection tools, and the study basic concepts.

Chapter Two: Media Coverage in Pages and News Sites

Chapter Three: Social Media and Oversight of Government Performance

Chapter Four: Using the Social Networking Site Facebook and Shaping the Mental Image among Youth

Second Section: Results of the Empirical Study

Chapter Five: Results of the Analytical Study

Chapter Six: Results of the Field Study

Then, the discussion of the study findings, the conclusion, and the most important recommendations were offered.

1.  The three pages (subject of the study) used interactive tools available on Facebook, such as comments, shares, likes, and emoticons, which contributed to understanding the opinions and attitudes of the audience and determining their positions regarding what is published on these pages.
2. The results showed the interest of the three pages (subject of the study) in the news report as a basic template in their Facebook posts. This can be explained by the possibility of this journalistic style being subject to continuous updating and adding any new details either to the news itself or in the form of a new news item being published. Additionally, this template is important for the internet reader who is always looking for information in a concise and quick manner.
3. Political, economic, health, and educational topics topped the publishing priorities on these pages. The local political news related to comprehensive coverage of all events within the state was the first interest, highlighting the most important economic topics and government achievements at the economic level, and supporting them with statements and statistics from government entities. The researcher believes that the reason for this is the public interest in this type of news as it primarily reflects on their personal interests, and it also contributes to attracting the largest number of followers to these pages.
4. The three pages (subject of the study) did not present any form of criticism of government performance, and the main goal of their publications was to provide support and endorsement, and the news objective, without addressing any aspects of shortcomings by the government or officials. The reason for this is the desire of these pages to achieve a form of soft dominance over the followers through these publications.
5. The field study indicated that Facebook occupied a large part of the respondents' interests and gained a large part of their daily lives, which confirmed the high frequency of using this site by university youth (study participants) permanently, with a percentage exceeding 47% of the participants' opinions, which may indicate the importance of the site for them. The reason for this is its ability to meet the needs of youth and the availability of many applications and services that match the needs of this age group.
6. The study results indicated that Facebook has become an important source of information for the participants, especially after its growing role in the media field and its use by traditional media to publish its news content through it. The researcher believes that the reason for this is its ability to provide immediate coverage of events and reach the largest possible number of users. This is because it is not subject to government censorship which has given it a popular character and enabled it to expand horizontally, especially among youth. This made it an attractive environment for discussion, which in turn contributes to shaping the users' knowledge and intellectual perceptions, and thus contributes to building mental images among youth who form the core of public opinion.
7. The results also confirmed the high percentage of respondents' support for government decisions in dealing with most state-related issues, except for educational and economic issues, which had a negative direction.
8. The current study sheds light on the use of news pages on Facebook and the evaluation of the overall government performance in dealing with some issues, where its results pointed to a positive evaluation of government performance by the respondents in many aspects and issues such as those related to national security, internal stability, counter-terrorism, improving Egypt's image abroad, dealing with health issues, and others.
9. The respondents' opinions were neutral in dealing with local and national issues; the researcher believes that the reason for this is the respondents' inability to quickly judge national projects; as the results of these projects appear in the long term and their inability to obtain tangible results at present.
10. On the other hand, the sample's opinions did not lack negative evaluations of the government's performance in some aspects, especially those related to economic and educational issues. This indicates the respondents' objections to certain decisions and economic policies that directly affect their daily lives; such as the rise in prices, the decrease in living standards, and the increase in foreign currency rates, which impose more financial obligations on them.
11. The study results showed that exposure to news pages on Facebook can shape mental images among the youth (the study participant) about the government performance; due to the information and specific viewpoints they presented.
12. The study proved that the mental image shaped among the respondents (the study participants) regarding the government handling of most issues was predominantly positive, followed by a neutral image, with a negative image appearing in some issues.

The use of infographics in addressing political and social issues in the websites electronic of Egyptian newspapers-an applied study

The use of infographics in addressing political and social issues in the websites electronic of Egyptian newspapers-an applied study

  Master Thesis( Media Department- 2024 )

By

Nermeen Mahmoud Abd El Hamed  Ibrahim.

Study abstract

Introduction:

Infographics is one of the journalistic genres that has witnessed great development over the past twenty years, and although it was published only in printed newspapers in its beginnings, technological progress has brought many changes in both design and data management, the development of software tools led to the emergence of so-called multimedia or interactive infographics online, which in turn led to a significant development in designs in terms of interaction and ease of understanding of the issues raised by the reader, and this study analyzes the content of 871 infographics on today's news portal sites the seventh day and the electronic portal of the delegation, as well as a personal interview There are 25 infographics designers on this website to identify the impact of using infographics in addressing political and social issues on websites in Egyptian newspapers

The problem of study: -

Since there are many challenges facing journalists, including the challenge of producing new content, so they decided to innovate by converting big data into new forms of Information narrative, it is not so much about integrating digital technology into news production as it is about using it effectively to renew journalistic content, and here the need arose to develop a catalog capable of organizing new forms of information in order to To identify the role it plays as a modern means of communication to address various issues, especially political and social issues, through monitoring and analyzing the infographics on the websites of the study newspapers, and to learn how to design and produce the infographic through the personal interview of the communicators on those sites.

The importance of studying:

1-the study derives its importance from the great importance that infographic has received in the recent period and its prosperity, especially with the development of major media institutions for the form and content of the information they provide and the expansion of the work of their websites on social media platforms to benefit greatly from the advantages of the digital environment.

2-it was also one of the forms of development of major media institutions for their media content that a large number of websites and some printed newspapers created pages dedicated to the infographic and bearing the same name "infographic or infographic" in addition to the emergence of a press stream interested in the infographic with increasing interest in it at the level of conferences, training courses or workshops

Objectives of the study: -

Objectives related to the analytical study, including: -

1-Identify the most important political and social issues addressed by the explosion on the websites of the three newspapers.

2-identify how the study sites address the political and social issues raised in them using the infographic.

3-identify how each of the sites of the study papers deals with each of the visual elements of the infographic [colors – images-texts - graphs -symbols-numbers......Etc.]

Objectives related to the field study

The best editorial infographics tend to set standards for them , have a consistent identity with the press institution , and adhere to the highest journalistic standards, so the personal interview of the callers[ infographics designers [at the three websites]Al Youm news portal-the seventh day-Al Wafd portal [aimed to identify several points, the most important of which are : The reasons for the introduction of the infographic on the site, and to identify the agreed output policy for the production of the infographic by the press institution, and whether a standard is being set for the content of the infographic, and to identify the programs that are used to design the infographic, as well as the daily rate of publication of it, and the team working in this section [infographic] so that we can stand on the extent of the development of these sites in line with global trends.

Curriculum of study:-

This study belongs to descriptive studies, and the researcher relied on the analytical and field survey methodology as the appropriate approach for the type of study, and the researcher conducted a media survey of the infographics available on the websites (today's electronic news portal, the seventh day, the delegation's electronic portal) and relied on two content analysis tools, where the content of 871 infographics was analyzed in the period from 1/9/2021 to 28/2/2022, and the interview questionnaire tool, which was applied to 25 designers in the three sites under study in the style of a personal interview .

Study results: -

1-the fixed infographics was one of the prominent signs in the three sites, so the delegation portal site relied on it by 100%, while it came in the two sites of today's news and the seventh day by 97%.

2-The Today and the seventh day news sites used the video graph to display political and social issues, but with very simple percentages not exceeding the 3%, and the interactive graph was absent from the three sites, as well as the moving infographic, but the Today news portal used the moving feature in only one infographic throughout the study period

3-as for creativity in the infographics in terms of grouping related elements and leaving     a distance between them to prevent confusion, and employing proximity, it was found that the three sites of the study agreed that creativity is of paramount importance, so it came by 99%.

4-the answers of the three site designers confirmed that the Adobe Illustrator program and its applications are relied on.

5-the analytical and field study agreed that addressing political and social issues at the three sites was through focusing on presenting results through points or statistics.

Keywords: infographics-websites-political issues-social issues.

Nermeen Mahmoud AbdElHamed ibraheem.